Perceptions of cultural ecosystem services provided by urban rivers: The case of the Chili River in Arequipa, Peru

Abstract

Urban rivers, as components of the blue-green infrastructure, offer diverse Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES). However, their intangible nature often limits public perception and valuation. This research assessed CES perception along the Chili River in Arequipa, Peru, using surveys and participatory mapping with experts and the general population. Results indicated high valuation of scenic beauty (population: 43%; experts: 63%) and potential for research development (population: 47%; experts: 63%). Experts also emphasized cultural heritage and physical/mental health (50%). The public's primary activities were hiking (57%) and photography (30%), but a gap existed between perceived value and active participation in recreation and education. Experts highlighted tourism potential (78% strongly agree) and intangible heritage (67% strongly agree), while noting a lack of integration in environmental education (64% disagree). Mapping revealed distinct perceptions: the public identified the Intraurban section with the highest CES concentration (scenic beauty, education, heritage, knowledge, research), whereas experts emphasized the North for ecotourism (53%) and spirituality (36%), the Center for culture/landscape, and the South for research (39%) and education (28%). Water pollution (62%) and land use regulation (33%) were identified as key challenges. This study underscores the need to integrate CES into urban planning, promote community engagement, and conduct further research for the Chili River's sustainable management.