Integrating drone technology into smart farming: Identifying key competences for agricultural experts and drone operators

Abstract

The integration of drone technology into agriculture is transforming how sustainability, productivity, and resource efficiency are addressed. Precision agriculture, enabled by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), supports datainformed decision-making and optimised resource allocation. This study investigates the skills and competencies required for effective UAV deployment by agricultural professionals and drone operators. Through surveys, interviews, and focus groups with 20 experts across three countries, the study identified the emerging roles, training needs, and digital skill gaps in smart farming. Findings emphasise the importance of technical, digital, and socioenvironmental skills, alongside transversal competences such as collaboration, digital literacy, and problemsolving. Domain-specific knowledge in agronomy and UAV operations—such as data interpretation, flight planning, and regulatory compliance—was found to be essential. These insights were mapped against the DigComp and ESCO frameworks to ensure consistency with EU policy standards. The study informed the development of a career e-Guide and self-assessment tool, supporting targeted upskilling and vocational training. By aligning education and advisory services with technological advancements, the project contributes to workforce readiness in precision agriculture. It offers a structured framework for educators, policymakers, and stakeholders to promote the effective and sustainable integration of drone technologies in agricultural practice.