Dual system involvement: A scoping review on the intersection of child welfare and juvenile justice systems

Abstract

Background Youth involved in both the child welfare and juvenile justice systems represent a highly vulnerable population facing overlapping adversities and complex mental health needs. It is therefore critical to synthesize existing research in ways that inform further research, practice, and policy. This scoping review maps research on dual-system involvement (DSI) and identifies areas requiring further investigation, with particular attention to population characteristics across ecological systems, contributing factors, and youth challenges. Method A comprehensive literature search was conducted in April 2025 across Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCO, ProQuest Central, and APA PsycArticles. Inclusion criteria comprised peer-reviewed empirical studies published in English, Portuguese, French or Spanish. This criterion enhances the ecological validity of the review by acknowledging socio-cultural influences. Study selection and screening followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Results A total of 51 studies met the inclusion criteria, all conducted in English-speaking countries (Australia, Canada, United States), which may reflect differences in system structures. Most studies examined individual-level characteristics (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation), with youth histories of trauma and maltreatment commonly reported. Macrosystemic factors received limited attention, although socioeconomic disadvantage emerged as a key risk factor for DSI. Youth challenges most frequently addressed mental and behavioral health, followed by academic support and housing stability. Conclusions Current research on DSI remains largely framed through a pathogenic lens, with limited attention to strengths-based approaches. Future research should adopt intersectional, ecological, and strengths-focused perspectives across diverse cultural contexts to better inform policy and practice.