Understanding inequality for European inclusion in SDG 10 of the 2030 United Nations agenda

Abstract

Inequality is a major problem in modern times, with profound consequences for both human beings and the planet. As a continent with high standards of equality and quality of life, Europe benefits from more welfare institutions, redistributive systems, and inclusive development than the rest of the world, nevertheless it suffers from social malaise often caused by inequality. Even in Europe well-being is a far-off dream for millions of people who instead face various forms of injustice, deprivation, and vulnerability. European commitment to solidarity also means that no one is left behind – including those belonging to minorities. In this perspective, inclusion can be seen both as a goal, as an instrument of social cohesion, and as a guide for the implementation of the European Pillar of Social Rights, namely in the areas of employment, skills, health, and social protection. The purpose of this chapter is to advance the current knowledge about social, economic, and political inclusion in European countries, their similarities and differences as measured by selected indicators. To do this, we investigate the multidimensional relations between the main types of contemporary social inequalities and inclusion in Europe. Substantive information is supported by microdata from the international inquiry, European Social Survey (2016 edition). The results obtained reveal mediating effects of social inequalities on the conditions of inclusion, recognition, and participation within different spheres of society. Moreover, it makes it possible to overcome strict visions of European integration, convergence, and social cohesion and offers an innovative approach to monitoring progress in fulfilling the objectives of Target 10.2 of SDG 10, as stated in the 2030 UN Agenda.