SDG9 and the competitiveness: Employing mixed methods to understand how countries can use science to compete

Abstract

Policymakers seek the best ways to promote the development of their countries. With Agenda 2030 at the top of the conversation, this study aimed to analyze the relationship between SDG9 and GCI. The study uses two methodologies, the first of which uses panel data to explain how variables that make up SDG9 explain competitiveness across countries in the Eurozone from 2010 to 2019. A second approach is through qualitative methodology (fsQCA) to verify the differences in the possible combinations of variables for the same outcome – higher values of competitiveness. The findings suggest that R&D and patents are two factors that increase competitiveness. Additionally, the number of patents filed in each country is also considered a necessary condition for high GCI values, reinforcing the need for countries to protect their innovations. In conclusion, the variables of SDG9 show significant relationships to achieve high values of competitiveness and that there is not only one solution to achieve the outcome but several, and it is up to policymakers to define which strategy best fits their reality. The originality of the article lies in the way different methods are combined and the increased capacity to understand the reality that these different methods allow.